¶1 Appellant, Robert Eugene Brewer, was tried and convicted by jury in Tulsa County District Court, Case No. CF-2016-6383, of Sexual Abuse of a Child Under 12 (Count 1),¹ in violation of 10 O.S.Supp.2002, § 7115.² The jury recommended a sentence of seven years imprisonment.³ The Honorable William J. Musseman, Jr., District Judge, presided at trial and sentenced Appellant in accordance with the jury's verdict. The court further ordered Brewer to serve a term of three years post-imprisonment supervision. Brewer now appeals, raising the following issue:

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ADMITTING EVIDENCE OF OTHER CRIMES WHICH HAD NOT BEEN SUBSTANTIATED.

¶2 After thorough consideration of the entire record before us on appeal, including the original record, transcripts, exhibits and the parties' briefs, we find that no relief is required under the law and evidence. Brewer's Judgment and Sentence is therefore AFFIRMED.

¶3 Proposition I: Brewer asserts the trial court erred in admitting the propensity testimony of A.K., J.H., L.R.N., and P.E.S. Brewer specifically contends the trial court abused its discretion when it failed to hold a proper pre-trial hearing. Brewer asserts the court should have required the State to present live testimony from the propensity witnesses. Without such testimony, Brewer argues the court was unable to properly examine the proposed witnesses' credibility, which rendered impossible the court's task of determining whether clear and convincing evidence of the challenged propensity evidence existed.

¶4 Brewer failed to specifically object to the challenged propensity evidence when it was presented at trial.⁴ He has thus waived all but plain error review of this claim. See Lowery v. State, 2008 OK CR 26, ¶ 9, 192 P.3d 1264, 1268 (reviewing for plain error where defense counsel challenged the evidence during a hearing, but failed to renew his objection at the time it was actually offered at trial). To be entitled to relief under the plain error doctrine, Brewer must show an actual error, which is plain or obvious, and which affects his substantial rights. Baird v. State, 2017 OK CR 16, ¶ 25, 400 P.3d 875, 883; Levering v. State, 2013 OK CR 19, ¶ 6, 315 P.3d 392, 395; 20 O.S.2011, § 3001.1. "This Court will only correct plain error if the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of the judicial proceedings or otherwise represents a miscarriage of justice." Baird, 2017 OK CR 16, ¶ 25, 400 P.3d at 883; Hogan v. State, 2006 OK CR 19, ¶ 38, 139 P.3d 907, 923.

¶5 Two separate provisions of the Oklahoma Evidence Code provide for admission of sexual propensity evidence--12 O.S.2011, §§ 2413 and 2414. James v. State, 2009 OK CR 8, ¶ 4, 204 P.3d 793, 794-95; Horn v. State, 2009 OK CR 7, ¶¶ 25, 27, 37, 41, 204 P.3d 777, 784, 786. To be admissible, challenged propensity evidence "must be established by clear and convincing evidence." Horn, 2009 OK CR 7, ¶ 40, 204 P.3d at 786. "If the defense raises an objection to the admission of the propensity evidence, the trial court should hold a hearing, preferably pre-trial, and make a record of its findings . . . ." Id.

¶6 In determining the relevance of propensity evidence, trial courts should consider the following factors: "1) how clearly the prior act has been proved; 2) how probative the evidence is of the material fact it is admitted to prove; 3) how seriously disputed the material fact is; and 4) whether the government can avail itself of any less prejudicial evidence." Horn, 2009 OK CR 7, ¶ 40, 204 P.3d at 786. In addition, when analyzing the dangers of admitting propensity evidence trial courts should consider: "1) how likely is it such evidence will contribute to an improperly based jury verdict; and 2) the extent to which such evidence will distract the jury from the central issues of the trial." Id. Trial courts may consider other relevant matters, including the credibility of the accuser in the other act, and must ensure that the other acts are shown by clear and convincing evidence. Id.

¶7 Reviewing the record evidence in the present case, we find the trial court properly admitted the challenged evidence as sexual propensity evidence. While proof of propensity evidence certainly may be established through the victim's testimony, proof may also be found in the pleadings and discovery. The rules of evidence, except those relating to privilege, do not apply where the judge is called upon to determine questions of fact preliminary to admissibility of evidence. 12 O.S.2011, § 2103(B)(1); Lee v. State, 1983 OK CR 41, ¶ 6, 661 P.2d 1345, 1349.

¶8 Despite the absence of live testimony from the propensity witnesses at the pre-trial hearings, the hearings⁵ in sum were more than sufficient. Lee, 1983 OK CR 41, ¶ 6, 661 P.2d at 1349. Although the better and preferred practice is to take live testimony, in this case the trial court's reliance on the written statements of the victims was not an error. Judge Musseman granted the State permission to present the evidence only after holding multiple hearings concerning the proposed testimony and requiring the State to greatly limit its proposed testimony to what was absolutely necessary. The record shows Judge Musseman carefully weighed the probative value of the challenged evidence against its prejudicial value. There could not have been a stricter adherence to the factors this Court set out in Horn, or a more careful and thoughtful exercise of discretion, than the procedure employed by Judge Musseman in this case.⁶

¶9 Moreover, giving the challenged evidence its maximum probative force and minimum reasonable prejudicial value, the probative value of the propensity testimony was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See Welch v. State, 2000 OK CR 8, ¶ 14, 2 P.3d 356, 367. Similarities between this case and Brewer's prior sexual abuse of the propensity witnesses reveal a method of operation common with all of the victims. Cf. Driver v. State, 1981 OK CR 117, ¶ 5, 634 P.2d 760, 762-63. The trial court committed no error, plain or otherwise, in finding the propensity evidence admissible based on the clear and convincing evidence set forth by the State. Brewer's sole proposition error is denied.

DECISION

¶10 The Judgment and Sentence of the District Court is AFFIRMED. However, the matter is REMANDED to the District Court with instructions to enter an order nunc pro tunc correcting the Judgment and Sentence document in conformity with this opinion. Pursuant to Rule 3.15, Rules of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, Title 22, Ch.18, App. (2019), the MANDATE is ORDERED issued upon the delivery and filing of this decision.

AN APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TULSA COUNTY
THE HONORABLE WILLIAM J. MUSSEMAN, JR.,
DISTRICT JUDGE

¶1 I agree with the Majority that Judge Musseman "carefully weighed" the propensity evidence and "strictly adhered to the factors required" to make a decision on admissibility of that evidence. I have concern, however, with the Majority's statement that "the better and preferred practice is to take live testimony" in a pre-trial hearing on propensity evidence. Not only is live testimony not required by law, it would require sexual abuse victims to testify unnecessarily. Unlike a hearing on the admissibility of statements under 12 O.S. § 2803.1 or for consideration of a claim of forfeiture by wrongdoing where live testimony is required by law, propensity evidence, like other crimes evidence, does not require live testimony.

¶2 I am authorized to state Presiding Judge Lewis joins in this separate writing.