¶1 Appellant, Skyler Francis,¹ was tried and convicted in a nonjury trial in Texas County District Court, Case No. CF-2018-101, of two counts of embezzlement in violation of 21 O.S.Supp.2016, § 1451.² The Honorable Judge Jon K. Parsley, District Judge, presided at trial and sentenced Francis to two concurrent five-year suspended sentences. The court further ordered Francis pay $5,497.00 in restitution and various other costs and fees. By agreement of both parties, the trial court ordered the sentences stayed pending this appeal. Francis now appeals and raises the following proposition of error before this Court:

I. THE DISTRICT COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE APPELLANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS PURSUANT TO 22 OKL. ST. ANN. § 130, AS THE PROSECUTION IN OKLAHOMA WAS BARRED DUE TO THE APPELLANT'S CONVICTION IN KANSAS FOR THE SAME CRIME.

¶2 After thorough consideration of the entire record before us on appeal, including the original record, transcripts, exhibits and the parties' briefs, we find that no relief is required under the law and evidence. Appellant's judgment and sentence is AFFIRMED.

¶3 On October 31, 2018, Appellant filed a motion to dismiss the present case arguing the State's prosecution was in violation of his constitutional and statutory rights against double jeopardy. The State filed a responsive pleading opposing the motion to dismiss and a hearing on the matter was held on February 13, 2019. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court denied Appellant's motion. In his sole proposition of error on appeal, Appellant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss. Citing 22 O.S.2011, § 130 and the Oklahoma and Federal Double Jeopardy Clauses, Appellant argues that his prosecution and conviction in Kansas foreclosed the possibility that Oklahoma could subsequently prosecute him.

¶4 This Court reviews the denial of a motion to dismiss for an abuse of discretion. Lozano v. State, 2013 OK CR 17, ¶ 4, 313 P.3d 272, 273 (finding the trial court "did not abuse its discretion in determining that Appellant's retrial was not barred by former jeopardy"). "An abuse of discretion has been defined as a clearly erroneous conclusion and judgment, one that is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts presented." Vanderpool v. State, 2018 OK CR 39, ¶ 32, 434 P.3d 318, 325 (citing Neloms v. State, 2012 OK CR 7, ¶ 35, 274 P.3d 161, 170). Appellant fails to show the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion to dismiss. As discussed below, the facts clearly show Appellant's Oklahoma prosecution was not for the same acts or offenses for which he was prosecuted in Kansas.

¶5 Viewing his criminal conduct in Kansas and Oklahoma as the "same act"--embezzlement from his employer in Kansas--Appellant asserts his Oklahoma prosecution in Texas County violated both 22 O.S.2011, § 130 and the state and federal protections against double jeopardy.³ Section 130 provides:

"When an act charged as a public offense is within the jurisdiction of another territory, county or state, as well as this state, a conviction or acquittal thereof in the former is a bar to a prosecution therefor in this state."

(emphasis added).⁴

¶6 Appellant argues Section 130 is "clear and unambiguous" and "does not allow for an interpretation [which] fabricate[s] exclusive jurisdiction" for a second prosecution for the "same act". Appellant's argument is flawed from the onset as the record shows his Kansas and Oklahoma convictions do not arise out of the "same act."

¶7 Section 130's protection against successive prosecutions for "an act" is analogous to Title 21, Section 11's prohibition against multiple punishments for a single criminal act.⁵ Like 21 O.S.2011, § 11, Section 130's protection is confined to "an act." Cf. Irwin v. State, 2018 OK CR 21, ¶ 5, 424 P.3d 675, 676 ("If two or more crimes truly arise out of one act, section 11 prohibits prosecution and punishment for more than one crime." (emphasis added)); Barnard v. State, 2012 OK CR 15, ¶ 27, 290 P.3d 759, 767 (same). "An act" therefore denotes a single criminal act. A Section 130 analysis is thus dependent on the particular facts presented. Cf. Sanders v. State, 2015 OK CR 11, ¶ 8, 358 P.3d 280, 284 (Section 11 analysis is "based on the particular facts presented").

¶8 The record in the present case shows Appellant committed multiple acts, resulting in multiple offenses, some of which occurred in Kansas and others that transpired in Oklahoma. Each act was chronologically separated in time.⁶ His actions in Kansas were thus separate and distinct from his criminal conduct in Oklahoma. Cf. Logsdon v. State, 2010 OK CR 7, ¶ 17, 231 P.3d 1156, 1165 ("Where there is a series of separate and distinct crimes, . . . Section 11 is not violated." (citing Davis v. State, 1999 OK CR 48, ¶ 12, 993 P.2d 124, 126)). Moreover, contrary to Appellant's assertion on appeal, the fact each act involved the same victim is of no consequence. Cf. Rousch v. State, 2017 OK CR 7, ¶ 3, 394 P.3d 1281, 1282 ("Two distinct acts of the same offense, carried out against the same victim, will not violate double jeopardy where the acts are interrupted and separate in time."). Appellant's Oklahoma prosecution was thus not prohibited by Section 130.

¶9 Nor was Appellant's prosecution in Oklahoma violative of the state or federal Double Jeopardy Clauses.⁷ Appellant claims, as he did below, his convictions in the present case are barred by the Double Jeopardy Clause because Section 130's prohibition against a successive prosecution for the same "act" demonstrates the dual sovereignty doctrine has no application in Oklahoma. We have recognized the applicability of the dual sovereignty doctrine in Oklahoma and apply the Supreme Court's pronouncements for it. Mack v. State, 2008 OK CR 23, ¶ 6, 188 P.3d 1284, 1287.⁸ Nothing in Section 130 requires reconsideration of this approach, let alone suggests that dual sovereignty is the sine qua non of Appellant's prosecution for embezzlement in Oklahoma. Section 130 provides greater protections than the Double Jeopardy Clause, but the two provisions are complimentary and work in tandem. Section 130 prohibits a successive prosecution in Oklahoma for "an act"--i.e., the same conduct or actions--for which a defendant has been previously prosecuted in "another territory, county or state."

¶10 The Double Jeopardy Clause, by contrast, "protects individuals from being twice put in jeopardy 'for the same offence,' not for the same conduct or actions[.]" Gamble v. United States, __U.S.__, 139 S. Ct. 1960, 1965 (2019) (quoting Grady v. Corbin, 495 U.S. 508, 529 (1990) (emphasis in original)). A traditional double jeopardy analysis thus need only be conducted when Section 130 does not apply. Cf. Irwin, 2018 OK CR 21, ¶ 5, 424 P.3d at 676 ("Traditional double jeopardy analysis is conducted only if section 11 does not apply."). Viewed in the proper legal and factual context, it is clear Appellant's prosecution in Oklahoma violated neither 22 O.S.2011, § 130 nor the constitutional prohibitions against double jeopardy. See Rousch, 2017 OK CR 7, ¶ 3, 394 P.3d at 1282 (two distinct acts, carried out against the same victim, that are interrupted and separate in time do not violate double jeopardy). The record shows Appellant was not twice put in jeopardy either for the "same act" or the "same offense" for which he was prosecuted in Kansas. Appellant's sole proposition of error is denied.

DECISION

¶11 The Judgment and Sentence of the District Court is AFFIRMED. Pursuant to Rule 3.15, Rules of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, Title 22, Ch.18, App. (2020), the MANDATE is ORDERED issued upon the delivery and filing of this decision.

AN APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TEXAS COUNTY
THE HONORABLE JON K. PARSLEY, DISTRICT JUDGE

¶1 I concur in the Court's conclusions that prosecution of the Appellant for one or more criminal acts committed in Oklahoma is clearly not barred by a statute that prohibits prosecution for a separate act "charged as a public offense" in Kansas, and does not inflict double jeopardy for the same offense. This much of the opinion is a straightforward application of the rarely used language of 22 O.S.2011, § 130 and basic principles of double jeopardy.

¶2 The Court confuses matters with a passing reference to the doctrine of dual sovereignty, which has no application here; and with a tenuous analogy to Title 21, section 11, and its unusual state law relationship to double jeopardy. The Court's analogy to section 11 jurisprudence, with its supposedly significant distinction between an "act" and an "offense," only expands a logically problematic statutory interpretation into yet another domain. The same doubtful premise now appears here in the opinion's assertion that "Section 130's protection is confined to an 'act.'"

¶3 But what is an "offense," after all, but an "act or omission forbidden by law" and punishable upon conviction? 21 O.S.2011, § 3. Section 130 addresses itself to "an act charged as a public offense" when providing that "conviction or acquittal thereof" in another state bars the Oklahoma prosecution (emphasis added). The utility of section 11's strained distinctions here is anything but clear.

¶4 At the most basic level, Appellant was guilty of "acts" and "offenses" against the laws of Oklahoma and Kansas; but neither his "acts" nor his "offenses" were the "same" for purposes of section 130 or double jeopardy. It seems unnecessary to complicate our analysis beyond this rudimentary point. And relegating section 130 to a "complementary" or "tandem" role for double jeopardy law needlessly diminishes the statute's greater protective force, which the Court acknowledges. From this academic and ill-conceived exercise, I respectfully dissent.

¶5 I am authorized to state that Vice Presiding Judge Kuehn joins in this separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.