¶1 Appellant, Michael Phillip Kurtanic, appeals his Judgment and Sentence from the District Court of Payne County, Case No. CF-2019-424, Count 1 - Child Sexual Abuse in violation of 21 O.S.Supp.2014, § 843.5(E) & (F); Count 2 - Child Sexual Abuse in violation of 21 O.S. Supp.2014, § 843.5(E) & (F); Count 3 -- Child Sexual Abuse in violation of 21 O.S. Supp.2014, § 843.5(E) & (F); and Count 4, Child Abuse in violation of 21 O.S. Supp.2014, § 843.5(A).¹

¶2 The Honorable Stephen Kistler, Associate District Judge, presided over Appellant's jury trial. The jury found Appellant guilty of Counts 1, 2, 3 and 4 and assessed punishment of life imprisonment and a $5,000.00 fine as to Counts 1, 2 and 3, and five years and a $1,000.00 fine as to Count 4. Judge Kistler ordered that all the sentences would run concurrently and Appellant would receive credit for time served. Appellant appeals his judgment and sentence and raises the following issues:

I. whether the jury verdict is unconstitutionally unreliable and uncertain because the jury instructions allowed a jury to convict appellant of child sexual abuse without a unanimous finding of each element of each of the alleged underlying offenses, as alleged in the Information;

II. whether, in the alternative, the court misinstructed Appellant's jury by imbedding multiple substantive offenses into a single "element" rather than tailoring the elements of child sexual abuse to the particulars of each count;

III. whether plain error occurred when the trial court did not properly instruct the jury on the elements of child sexual abuse charge involving K.S., who was alleged in the Information to be "eleven (11) through twelve (12) years of age" when the alleged acts occurred;

IV. whether the trial court abused its discretion when it allowed hearsay evidence repeating C.J.S.'s unreliable and shifting extrajudicial statements;

V. whether the deliberate destruction of the "best evidence" of the incriminating statements made by C.J.S. to the nurse practitioner requires reversal of Count 3; and

VI. whether the accumulation of error in this case deprived Appellant of the due process of law in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article II, § 7 of the Oklahoma Constitution.

¶3 We affirm the Judgment and Sentence of the district court.

I. and II.

¶4 In Proposition I, Appellant claims that he was deprived of his right to a unanimous jury because the jury instruction given on child sexual abuse enabled the jurors to convict him for committing rape, forcible sodomy, or lewd acts and did not require all twelve jurors to find he committed the same singular underlying crime. In Proposition II, Appellant alternatively claims that the trial court misinstructed the jury by imbedding multiple substantive offenses into a single element rather than tailoring the elements for each count of child sexual abuse. We address these propositions together.

¶5 As Appellant did not object or request another instruction at the trial, we will review for plain error. Chadwell v. State, 2019 OK CR 14, ¶ 4, 446 P.3d 1244, 1246. Plain error review requires the defendant to prove: (1) the existence of an actual error; (2) that the error is plain or obvious; and (3) that the error affected his substantial rights, meaning the error affected the outcome of the proceeding. Hogan v. State, 2006 OK CR 19, ¶ 38, 139 P.3d 907, 923. Even where this showing is made, this Court will correct plain error only where the error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings or represented a miscarriage of justice. Id.

¶6 The general rule is that where the trial court's instructions submitted to the jury, considered as a whole, fairly and correctly state the applicable law such instructions are sufficient. Turman v. State, 1974 OK CR 88, ¶ 8, 522 P.2d 247, 249-50. Juries are presumed to follow their instructions. Tryon v. State, 2018 OK CR 20, ¶ 133, 423 P.3d 617, 653.

¶7 The right to a unanimous jury verdict is constitutional. Article II, Section 19 of the Oklahoma Constitution provides that "[i]n all criminal cases where imprisonment for more than six (6) months is authorized the entire number of jurors must concur to render a verdict." Similarly, the United States Supreme Court held in Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 U.S. __, 140 S.Ct. 1390, 1397 (2020), "[t]here can be no question either that the Sixth Amendment's unanimity requirement applies to state and federal criminal trials equally."

¶8 We held in Cody v. State, 1961 OK CR 43, 361 P.2d 307, that whenever two or more separate and distinct acts of sexual intercourse have been proven to any degree, there must be an election as to which act the State relies upon for conviction. The Court explained:

If no motion is made to require the state to elect, the trial court, of its own motion should require the prosecution to elect upon which of said acts it will rely, or should treat the act of which the state first introduced evidence which tends in any degree to prove the offense as an election, and should be proper instruction limit the jury to a consideration of such particular act as a basis for conviction and limit the consideration of other acts as corroboration and as showing the relation of the parties.

Id. 1961 OK CR 43, ¶ 37, 361 P.2d at 320. However, we have consistently held that the election rule does not apply to child abuse and child sexual abuse crimes committed under the domination of parents or other authority figures. Gilson v. State, 2000 OK CR 14, ¶¶ 22-23, 8 P.3d 883, 889-890 (applying election rule exception to acts of child abuse by treating separate acts as one transaction); Jones v. State, 1989 OK CR 66, ¶ 17, 781 P.2d 326, 329 (finding that multiple acts of sexual abuse over three year period were part of same transaction as act constituting charged offense); Huddleston v. State, 1985 OK CR 12, ¶ 16, 695 P.2d 8, 10-11 (holding exception to Cody's election rule occurs, "when a child of tender years is under the exclusive domination of one parent for a definite and certain period of time and submits to sexual acts at that parent's demand, the separate acts of abuse become one transaction"). As the Court noted in Gilson, "the general rule requiring the State to elect which offense it will prosecute is not in force when separate acts are treated as one transaction and that separate acts of abuse are one transaction for purposes of election of offenses." Gilson, 2000 OK CR 14, ¶ 21, 8 P.3d at 899.

¶9 Appellant argues that this exception to the election rule does not apply in his case because it does not involve the same conduct, but rather underlying crimes with different actus reus elements. Our history as provided above makes it clear that we disagree. The record shows that each child, being of tender years, was under the domination of Appellant when Appellant committed acts of child sexual abuse. The State chose to charge Appellant with only one count of abuse for each child. Appellant's jury was instructed, without objection, pursuant to the uniform jury instruction based upon the language of the child sexual abuse statute. The jury weighed all the evidence and came to a unanimous verdict that he was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. There was no error. Propositions I and II are denied.

III.

¶10 Appellant claims in Proposition III that the jury was not properly instructed on Count 2 as the Information alleged that K.S. was aged eleven to twelve years old when the offense occurred, but the charged offense required the victim to be under the age of twelve. As no objection was made at trial, we review this claim for plain error as set forth above in Proposition I.

¶11 Appellant's argument focuses on our previous decision in Chadwell v. State, where we held that "the age of the victims at the time of the crimes is an element of the crime of lewd acts with a child under 16 for purposes of sentencing and a criminal defendant has a constitutional right to have the jury instructed on this element and the charged offense proved beyond a reasonable doubt." Chadwell, 2019 OK CR 14, ¶ 6, 446 P.3d at 1246-47. Here, a review of the record shows that the jury was properly instructed that a conviction required the State to prove that the victim was under the age of twelve at the time the offense of child sexual abuse was committed. Proposition III is denied.

IV.

¶12 In Proposition IV, Appellant claims that extrajudicial statements made by C.J.S. to her mother, the forensic interviewer, and a sexual assault nurse were inadmissible as the statements were unreliable hearsay and the court erred in determining that the child was available. As no objection was made at trial, review of Appellant's claim related to testimony of the child's mother is limited to plain error as set forth above in Proposition I. See also Gordon v. State, 2019 OK CR 24, ¶ 16, 451 P.3d 573, 581. Appellant objected during trial to the admission of statements to the forensic interviewer, introduction of the recorded interview, and the nurse's recitation of statements made during the medical exam. Appellant's objections asserted that the statements were testimonial, unreliable, and violated the Confrontation Clause. The claims related to testimony of the forensic examiner and nurse, as well as the recorded forensic interview, will be reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Id., 2019 OK CR 24, ¶ 17, 451 P.3d at 581. "An abuse of discretion is any unreasonable or arbitrary action taken without proper consideration of the facts and law pertaining to the matter at issue . . . [or] a clearly erroneous conclusion and judgment, one that is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts presented. Neloms v. State, 2012 OK CR 7, ¶ 35, 274 P.3d 161, 170.

¶13 A statement made by a child who has not attained thirteen years of age which describes any act of sexual contact performed with or on the child is admissible at trial if the trial court, in a hearing outside the presence of the jury, finds that at the time of the statement, the totality of the circumstances provide sufficient indicia of reliability so as to render the statement inherently trustworthy, and the child testifies in open court. 12 O.S.Supp.2013, § 2803.1. To be admissible, notice of the proponent's intention to use the statement and the particulars of the statement must be given at least ten days prior to trial to "provide the adverse party with an opportunity to prepare to answer the statement." 12 O.S.Supp.2013, § 2803.1(B). In determining the trustworthiness, "the court may consider, among other things, the following factors: the spontaneity and consistent repetition of the statement, the mental state of the declarant, whether the terminology used is unexpected of a child of similar age . . . and whether a lack of motive to fabricate exists." 12 O.S.Supp.2013, § 2803.1(A)(1).

¶14 The trial court held a pretrial hearing and discussed the matter outside the presence of the jury during trial. Judge Kistler found that the statement made by C.J.S. to her mother was spontaneous and not due to her mother pressing for information. The trial court found that the statements made during the forensic interview were admissible because the child was interviewed under an appropriate protocol, by a qualified interviewer, the child's responses that she did not know or could not remember went more to credibility than to admissibility of the statement, and the child was competent to make the statements. See Gilson, 2000 OK CR 14, ¶ 60, 8 P.3d at 907. The trial court also found that the statements made during the medical examination were admissible, finding that the nurse was a qualified provider who did not ask the child leading questions or pressure the child and the statements were inherently trustworthy.

¶15 Appellant next argues that the inconsistencies between the out-of-court statements made by C.J.S. and her in-court testimony made her unavailable and therefore violated the Confrontation Clause. This argument is a red herring as the statements would be admissible even if she were unavailable because the defense was able to cross-examine her when she testified at the preliminary hearing. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68 (2004).

¶16 Judge Kistler thoroughly examined the reliability of each statement made by C.J.S. and his decisions that the statements were inherently reliable are supported by the record. The trial court did not abuse its discretion, nor commit error, in admitting the statements. Proposition IV is denied.

V.

¶17 Appellant claims in Proposition V his rights to due process and a fair trial were violated because the jury did not get to see the best evidence of statements made by C.J.S. when the nurse destroyed the audio recording of her examination. Appellant further claims that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his request for a jury instruction regarding spoliation of the evidence and weight to be given to the nurse's testimony because the audio recording was the best evidence of the child's statements. We will review for an abuse of discretion as set forth above in Proposition IV, as Appellant objected to the testimony at trial and requested a jury instruction regarding destruction of the recording. See also Norman v. State, 2023 OK CR 4, ¶ 17, 528 P.3d 1142, 1146.² Absent an abuse of that discretion, this Court will not interfere with the trial court's judgment if the instructions, as a whole, accurately state the applicable law. Reed v. State, 2016 OK CR 10, ¶ 15, 373 P.3d 118, 122.

¶18 "The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment obligates the State to preserve evidence that might be expected to play a significant role in a suspect's defense." Norman, 2023 OK CR 4, ¶ 18. 528 P.3d at 1146 (quoting Harris v. State, 2019 OK CR 22, ¶ 34, 450 P.3d 933, 948; California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479 (1984)). A defendant must show the State acted in bad faith where it destroys materials that may possibly be exculpatory, or may potentially be of some evidentiary value. See Id., Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 57-58 (1988). "If the State failed to preserve evidence that can only be called potentially useful to the defense, then no relief is warranted unless the defendant can show bad faith on the State's part." Norman, 2023 OK CR 4, ¶ 20, 528 P.3d at 1147 (quoting Harris v. State, 2019 OK CR 22, ¶ 34, 450 P.3d 933, 949). "In the absence of a showing of bad faith by police, therefore, an instruction allowing the jury to draw a negative inference from the destruction of evidence was not appropriate." Cuesta-Rodriguez v. State, 2010 OK CR 23, ¶ 61, 241 P.3d 214, 234.

¶19 Moreover, we have previously held that the State is not required to videotape interviews of child victims, and the failure to do so does not automatically rise to a failure to preserve potentially useful evidence. See Gilson, 2000 OK CR 14, ¶ 57, 8 P.3d at 906. Further, testimony of a witness who perceived an event or statement is a universal exception to the best evidence rule, as the testimony itself is primary evidence of what the witness saw or heard. Anderson v. State, 1985 OK CR 94, ¶ 10, 704 P.2d 499, 501-02.

¶20 The record shows that the sexual assault nurse is a medical provider working for a nongovernmental organization, not the State, and that the primary purpose of her exam was to provide medical care to C.J.S., even if a secondary purpose of the exam could have been to collect evidence. See Thompson v. State, 2019 OK CR 3, ¶ 16, 438 P.3d 373, 378. The record supports the trial court's well-reasoned finding that there was no evidence the recording had any potentially exculpatory evidence and no evidence of bad faith as the recording was not destroyed in an attempt to remove any potentially exculpatory evidence. Based upon the record, Appellant's requested instruction for a negative inference to be drawn from the destroyed recording is inappropriate. The trial court did not abuse its discretion. Proposition V is denied.

VI.

¶21 In Proposition VI, Appellant claims that cumulative error deprived him of a fair trial. "The cumulative error doctrine applies when several errors occurred at the trial court level, but none alone warrants reversal." Tafolla v. State, 2019 OK CR 15, ¶ 45, 446 P.3d 1248, 1263. Having found no errors, relief is not warranted. Fuston v. State, 2020 OK CR 4, ¶ 126, 470 P.3d 306, 333. Proposition VI is denied.

DECISION

¶22 The Judgment and Sentence of the district court is AFFIRMED. Pursuant to Rule 3.15, Rules of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, Title 22, Ch. 18, App. (2023), the MANDATE is ORDERED issued upon delivery and filing of this decision.

APPEARANCES AT TRIAL ROYCE HOBBS 801 SOUTH MAIN, #9 STILLWATER, OK 74076 COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT	APPEARANCES ON APPEAL CINDY DANNER APPELLATE DEFENSE COUNSEL P.O. BOX 926 NORMAN, OK 73070 COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT
DEBRA VINCENT ERICA GARUCCIO ASSIST. DISTRICT ATTORNEYS 606 SOUTH HUSBAND STREET STILLWATER, OK 74074 COUNSEL FOR STATE	JOHN M. O'CONNOR ATTORNEY GENERAL OF OKLAHOMA TANNER A. HERRMANN ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL 313 N.E. 21ST STREET OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73105 COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE